Head and neck cancers

Cancer is a major health problem. Head and neck cancers are more common in people who use tobacco and alcohol. Early diagnosis saves lives.

What is cancer?

Cancer develops when cells grow and spread uncontrollably.

Which cancers are included?

Skin, lip, oral cavity, pharynx, nose and sinuses, salivary glands, thyroid and larynx cancers, and other neck malignancies. Most are squamous cell carcinomas.

Who treats them?

Surgical treatment is performed by ENT surgeons. Care is multidisciplinary and may include medical oncology, radiation oncology, nutrition and other specialists.

Risk factors

Tobacco and alcohol are the main risks; combined use multiplies harm. About 98% of laryngeal cancer patients are smokers. UV exposure is a major risk for skin cancers.

When to see an ENT specialist

• Persistent fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss
• Hoarseness lasting more than two weeks; swallowing difficulty; blood in saliva
• Oral ulcers lasting more than two weeks
• Progressive nasal obstruction, recurrent nosebleeds, one-sided foul discharge
• Growing painless neck lumps
• Painless swelling in front of/below the ear or under the jaw